Chosefera mafuta ndi chosefera mafuta. Ntchito ya chosefera mafuta ndikusefa zouma, chingamu ndi chinyezi mu mafuta, ndikupereka mafuta oyera ku gawo lililonse lopaka mafuta.
Pofuna kuchepetsa kukana kukangana pakati pa zigawo zomwe zikuyenda bwino mu injini ndikuchepetsa kutopa kwa zigawozo, mafutawo amasamutsidwa nthawi zonse kupita pamwamba pa kukangana kwa gawo lililonse loyenda kuti apange filimu yamafuta opaka mafuta kuti azitha kudzola. Mafuta a injiniyo ali ndi chingamu, zinyalala, chinyezi ndi zowonjezera zina. Nthawi yomweyo, panthawi yogwira ntchito ya injini, kuyambitsa zinyalala zachitsulo, kulowa kwa zinyalala mumlengalenga, komanso kupanga ma oxide amafuta kumapangitsa kuti zinyalala mu mafuta ziwonjezeke pang'onopang'ono. Ngati mafuta alowa mwachindunji mu dera lamafuta opaka mafuta popanda kusefedwa, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili mumafutawo zidzabweretsedwa pamwamba pa kukangana kwa zinyalala zoyenda, zomwe zithandizira kuti zinyalala ziyambe kutopa ndikuchepetsa moyo wa injini.
Chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa mafutawo komanso kuchuluka kwa zinyalala mu mafuta, kuti mafutawo azitha kusefedwa bwino, fyuluta yamafuta nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magawo atatu, omwe ndi fyuluta yosonkhanitsira mafuta, fyuluta yopyapyala yamafuta ndi fyuluta yopyapyala yamafuta. Fyuluta imayikidwa mu poto yamafuta patsogolo pa pompo yamafuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yamtundu wa fyuluta yachitsulo. Fyuluta yamafuta osakonzedwa imayikidwa kumbuyo kwa pompo yamafuta ndipo imalumikizidwa motsatizana ndi njira yayikulu yamafuta. Pali makamaka mtundu wa chotsukira chachitsulo, mtundu wa fyuluta ya utuchi ndi mtundu wa pepala losefera la microporous. Tsopano mtundu wa pepala losefera la microporous umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Fyuluta yopyapyala yamafuta imayikidwa limodzi ndi njira yayikulu yamafuta pambuyo pa pompo yamafuta. Pali mitundu iwiri ya pepala losefera la microporous ndi mtundu wa rotor. Fyuluta yopyapyala yamafuta yamtundu wa rotor imagwiritsa ntchito kusefera kwa centrifugal popanda chinthu chosefera, zomwe zimathetsa bwino kutsutsana pakati pa kufalikira kwamafuta ndi magwiridwe antchito osefera.
Udindo wa fyuluta
Kawirikawiri pali mitundu inayi ya zosefera za magulu a injini ya dizilo: fyuluta ya mpweya, fyuluta ya dizilo, fyuluta yamafuta, fyuluta yamadzi, zotsatirazi zimayambitsa fyuluta ya dizilo.
Fyuluta: Fyuluta ya jenereta ya dizilo ndi chipangizo chapadera chosefera mafuta a dizilo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zoyaka mkati. Imatha kusefa zopitirira 90% za zinyalala zamakaniko, ma colloid, asphaltenes, ndi zina zotero. Imawonjezera moyo wa injini. Dizilo wosayera imayambitsa kuwonongeka kosazolowereka kwa makina ojambulira mafuta a injini ndi masilinda, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya injini, kuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta mwachangu, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri moyo wa jenereta. Kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera za dizilo kungathandize kwambiri kulondola kwa kusefera ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa injini pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera za dizilo zamtundu wa felt, kutalikitsa moyo wa zosefera za dizilo zapamwamba zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja kangapo, komanso kukhala ndi zotsatira zodziwikiratu zosunga mafuta. Momwe mungayikitsire fyuluta ya dizilo: Fyuluta ya dizilo ndi yosavuta kwambiri kuyiyika, ingolumikizani ku mzere woperekera mafuta motsatizana malinga ndi malo osungira mafuta ndi malo otulutsira. Samalani kulumikizana komwe kwawonetsedwa ndi muvi, ndipo njira yolowera mafuta ndi malo otulutsira sikungabwezeretsedwe. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ndikusintha chinthu chosefera koyamba, fyuluta ya dizilo iyenera kudzazidwa ndi mafuta a dizilo, ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa ku utsi. Valavu yotulutsira mafuta ili kumapeto kwa mbiya.
Fyuluta yamafuta
Momwe mungasinthire chinthu chosefera: Pogwiritsa ntchito mwachizolowezi, ngati alamu yosiyanitsa mphamvu ya ma alamu a chipangizo choyambira kusefera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kowonjezera kwapitirira maola 300, chinthu choseferacho chiyenera kusinthidwa.
Njira yosinthira fyuluta: 1. Kusintha fyuluta ya chipangizo chosefera cha mbiya imodzi: a. Tsekani valavu ya mpira wa cholowera mafuta ndikutsegula chivundikiro chapamwamba. (Chivundikiro chapamwamba cha mtundu wa aluminiyamu chiyenera kuchotsedwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera pagawo la mbali ndi screwdriver ya flat-blade); b. Tsegulani waya wa pulagi ya chotulutsira zinyalala kuti mutulutse mafuta a zinyalala; c. Masulani nati yomangirira kumapeto kwa chinthu chosefera, ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito amavala chosagwira mafuta. Gwirani chinthu chosefera mwamphamvu ndi magolovesi, ndikuchotsa chinthu chakale chosefera molunjika mmwamba; d. Sinthani fyuluta yatsopano, pindani mphete yotsekera yapamwamba (ndi gasket yake yotsekera kumapeto), ndikulimbitsa nati; f. Mangani waya wotsekera wa chotulutsira zinyalala ndikuphimba chivundikiro chapamwamba (Samalani kuyika mphete yotsekera), ndikumanga mabolts. 2. Kusintha fyuluta ya chipangizo chosefera cha mbiya ziwiri chofanana: a. Choyamba tsekani valavu yolowera mafuta ya fyuluta mbali imodzi ya fyuluta yomwe ikufunika kusinthidwa, tsekani valavu yotulutsira mafuta patatha mphindi zochepa, kenako tsegulani mabotolo ophimba kumapeto ndikutsegula chivundikiro cha kumapeto; b. Tsegulani valavu yothira madzi kuti mutulutse mafuta odetsedwa kwathunthu ndikuletsa mafuta odetsedwa kuti asalowe m'chipinda choyera cha mafuta pamene fyulutayo yasinthidwa; c. Masulani nati yomangirira kumapeto kwa fyulutayo, wogwiritsa ntchito amavala magolovesi osalowa mafuta kuti agwire fyulutayo mwamphamvu, ndikuchotsa fyuluta yakale molunjika mmwamba; c. Bwezerani fyuluta yatsopano, pindani mphete yotsekera ya pamwamba (kumapeto kwake kuli gasket yake yotsekera), ndikulimbitsa natiyo; d. Tsekani valavu yotulutsira madzi, phimbani chivundikiro chakumtunda (samalani kuphimba mphete yotsekera), ndikumanga mabotolo. E. Tsegulani valavu yolowera mafuta poyamba, kenako tsegulani valavu yotulutsira madzi, tsekani valavu yotulutsira madzi nthawi yomweyo mafuta akatuluka mu valavu yotulutsira madzi, kenako tsegulani valavu yotulutsira mafuta; kenako gwirani fyuluta mbali inayo mwanjira yomweyo.
Fyuluta ya jenereta
Fyuluta ya mpweya yopangidwa ndi jenereta: Ndi chipangizo cholowetsa mpweya chomwe chimasefa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zinthu zodetsedwa zomwe zili mu mpweya zomwe zimapumidwa pamene jenereta ya pistoni ikugwira ntchito. Chimakhala ndi fyuluta ndi chipolopolo. Zofunikira zazikulu za fyuluta ya mpweya ndi kusefa bwino kwambiri, kukana kuyenda bwino kwa madzi, komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kukonza. Pamene jenereta ikugwira ntchito, ngati mpweya wopumidwa uli ndi fumbi ndi zinthu zina zodetsedwa, zidzawonjezera kuwonongeka kwa ziwalozo, kotero fyuluta ya mpweya iyenera kuyikidwa.
Pali njira zitatu zosefera mpweya: mtundu wa inertia, mtundu wa fyuluta ndi mtundu wa bafa ya mafuta:
Mtundu wa Inertial: Popeza kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zonyansa kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kwa mpweya, pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zonyansazo zimazungulira ndi mpweya kapena kupanga ma reverse amphamvu, mphamvu ya centrifugal inertial imatha kulekanitsa zonyansazo ndi mpweya.
Mtundu wa fyuluta: tsogolera mpweya kuti udutse kudzera mu chinsalu chachitsulo kapena pepala losefera, ndi zina zotero, kuti utseke tinthu ndi zinyalala ndikumamatira ku chinthu chosefera.
Mtundu wa bafa la mafuta: Pali poto ya mafuta pansi pa fyuluta ya mpweya, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya kuti ikhudze mafuta mwachangu, imalekanitsa tinthu ndi zinyalala ndikumata mu mafuta, ndipo madontho a mafuta ogwedezeka amadutsa mu fyuluta ndi mpweya ndikumamatira ku mafuta pa fyuluta. Mpweya ukadutsa mu fyuluta, umatha kuyamwa zinyalala zambiri, kuti ukwaniritse cholinga chosefera.
Kusintha kwa fyuluta ya mpweya ya seti ya jenereta: seti ya jenereta yodziwika bwino imasinthidwa kamodzi pa maola 500 aliwonse; seti ya jenereta yoyimirira imasinthidwa kamodzi pa maola 300 aliwonse kapena miyezi 6. Seti ya jenereta ikasamalidwa nthawi zambiri, imatha kuchotsedwa ndikuwombedwa ndi mfuti ya mpweya, kapena kusintha kwa nthawi kumatha kukulitsidwa ndi maola 200 kapena miyezi itatu.
Zofunikira pakusefa kwa zosefera: Zosefera zopangidwa ndi mafakitale enieni ndizofunikira, koma sizingakhale makampani akuluakulu, koma zabodza komanso zosafunikira siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
