Mbiri yakale
M’zaka za zana la 19, ndi kupita patsogolo kofulumira kwa ukapitalizimu, makapitalist kaŵirikaŵiri anadyera masuku pamutu antchito mwankhanza mwa kuonjezera nthaŵi yantchito ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito kuti apeze phindu lowonjezereka pofunafuna phindu. Ogwira ntchitowa ankagwira ntchito maola oposa 12 patsiku ndipo ntchito inali yoipa kwambiri.
Kuyambitsa tsiku logwira ntchito la maola asanu ndi atatu
Pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 19, makamaka kudzera mu gulu la Chartist, kukula kwa kulimbana kwa ogwira ntchito ku Britain kwakhala kukukulirakulira. Mu June 1847, Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Britain inakhazikitsa lamulo la maola 10 pa Tsiku la Ntchito. Mu 1856, anthu ogwira ntchito m’migodi ya golidi ku Melbourne, ku Britain ku Australia, anapezerapo mwayi pa vuto la kusoŵa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndipo anamenyera nkhondo kwa maola asanu ndi atatu tsiku. Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1870, ogwira ntchito ku Britain m'mafakitale ena adapambana tsiku la maola asanu ndi anayi. Mu September 1866, First International inachititsa msonkhano wake woyamba ku Geneva, kumene, pa pempho la Marx, "kuletsa malamulo a ntchito ndi sitepe yoyamba yopita ku chitukuko cha nzeru, mphamvu zakuthupi ndi kumasulidwa komaliza kwa ogwira ntchito," adadutsa. lingaliro "kuyesetsa maola asanu ndi atatu a tsiku logwira ntchito." Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ogwira ntchito m'mayiko onse akhala akumenyana ndi ma capitalist kwa maola asanu ndi atatu.
Mu 1866, Msonkhano wa Geneva wa First International unapereka chiganizo cha tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu. Polimbana ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu, gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America linatsogolera. Kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe ya ku America m'zaka za m'ma 1860, antchito a ku America adalongosola momveka bwino mawu akuti "kumenyera tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu". Mawuwo anafalikira mofulumira ndipo anakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu.
Motsogozedwa ndi gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito ku America, mu 1867, mayiko asanu ndi limodzi adakhazikitsa malamulo olamula kuti azigwira ntchito maola asanu ndi atatu. Mu June 1868, bungwe la United States Congress linakhazikitsa lamulo loyamba la boma pa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu m'mbiri ya America, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu ligwire ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito m'boma. Mu 1876, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linaphwanya lamulo la federal pa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu.
1877 Panali chiwonongeko choyamba m'mbiri ya America. Ogwira ntchitowo adapita m'misewu kuwonetsa boma kuti liwongolere ntchito ndi moyo komanso kufuna kuti achepetse nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso kuti tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu likhazikitsidwe. Pokakamizidwa kwambiri ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito, bungwe la US Congress linakakamizika kukhazikitsa lamulo la tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu, koma lamulolo linakhala kalata yakufa.
Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1880, kulimbana kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu kunakhala nkhani yaikulu mu gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America. Mu 1882, ogwira ntchito ku America adaganiza kuti Lolemba loyamba mu Seputembala likhazikitsidwe ngati tsiku la ziwonetsero zam'misewu, ndipo adamenyera nkhondo mosatopa. Mu 1884, msonkhano wa AFL unaganiza kuti Lolemba loyamba mu September lidzakhala Tsiku la mpumulo wa antchito. Ngakhale kuti chisankhochi sichinali chokhudzana mwachindunji ndi kulimbana kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu, chinapereka mphamvu ku kulimbana kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu. Congress idayenera kukhazikitsa lamulo lopanga Lolemba loyamba mu Seputembala kukhala Tsiku la Ntchito. Mu December 1884, pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha kulimbana kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu, AFL inapanganso chigamulo cha mbiri yakale: "Mabungwe Ogwirizana ndi Mabungwe Ogwira Ntchito ku United States ndi Canada atsimikiza kuti, kuyambira May. 1, 1886, tsiku logwira ntchito mwalamulo lidzakhala maola asanu ndi atatu, ndipo amalimbikitsa mabungwe onse ogwira ntchito m'boma kuti asinthe machitidwe awo kuti agwirizane ndi chigamulochi pa tsiku lomwe lanenedwa.
Kupitilira kukwera kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito
Mu Okutobala 1884, magulu asanu ndi atatu a ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi ndi mayiko ku United States ndi Canada adachita msonkhano ku Chicago, United States, kuti amenyere kukwaniritsidwa kwa “tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu”, ndipo adaganiza zoyambitsa nkhondo yayikulu. ndipo anaganiza zochita sitalaka wamba pa Meyi 1, 1886, kukakamiza ma capitalist kuti agwiritse ntchito tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu. Ogwira ntchito ku America m'dziko lonselo adathandizira ndi kuyankha mwachangu, ndipo antchito masauzande ambiri m'mizinda yambiri adalowa nawo nkhondoyi.
Chigamulo cha AFL chinalandira yankho lachidwi kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito ku United States. Kuyambira 1886, gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America lakhala likuchita ziwonetsero, kunyanyala, ndi kunyanyala kukakamiza olemba ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu pofika pa May 1. Kulimbanako kunafika pachimake mu May. Pa May 1, 1886, ogwira ntchito 350,000 ku Chicago ndi m’mizinda ina ya ku United States anachita sitalaka ndi zionetsero, pofuna kuti tsiku logwira ntchito la maola 8 likhazikitsidwe komanso kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino. Chidziwitso cha United Workers's sitikani chidati, “Dzukani, antchito aku America! May 1, 1886 ikani zida zanu, ikani ntchito yanu, kutseka mafakitale anu ndi migodi kwa tsiku limodzi pachaka. Lero ndi tsiku lachipanduko, osati lopuma! Limeneli si tsiku limene dongosolo la ukapolo wa Dziko Lapansi likulamulidwa ndi wolankhulira wodzikuza. Lero ndi tsiku limene antchito amapanga malamulo awoawo ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zowagwiritsa ntchito! … Ili ndi tsiku limene ndimayamba kusangalala ndi ntchito maola asanu ndi atatu, kupuma kwa maola asanu ndi atatu, ndi maola asanu ndi atatu odzilamulira ndekha.
Ogwira ntchito ananyanyala ntchito, zomwe zinalepheretsa mafakitale akuluakulu ku United States. Sitima zapamtunda zinasiya kuyenda, mashopu anatsekedwa, ndipo nyumba zonse zosungiramo katundu zinatsekedwa.
Koma kunyanyalako kunathetsedwa ndi akuluakulu a US, antchito ambiri anaphedwa ndi kumangidwa, ndipo dziko lonse linagwedezeka. Ndi thandizo lalikulu la malingaliro a anthu omwe akupita patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi komanso kulimbana kosalekeza kwa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, boma la US lidalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa tsiku logwira ntchito la maola asanu ndi atatu patatha mwezi umodzi, ndipo gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America lidapambana koyamba. chigonjetso.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Meyi 1 International Labor Day
Mu July 1889, Second International, motsogoleredwa ndi Engels, anachita msonkhano ku Paris. Kukumbukira kunyalanyazidwa kwa "May Day" kwa ogwira ntchito aku America, zikuwonetsa "Ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, gwirizanani!" Mphamvu yayikulu yolimbikitsa kulimbana kwa ogwira ntchito m'maiko onse kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu, msonkhanowo udapereka chigamulo, pa Meyi 1, 1890, ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi adachita ziwonetsero, ndipo adaganiza zokhazikitsa Meyi 1 ngati tsiku la International International. Tsiku la Ntchito, lomwe tsopano ndi "Tsiku la Ntchito Padziko Lonse la May 1."
Pa May 1, 1890, anthu ogwira ntchito ku Ulaya ndi ku United States anatsogolera popita m’makwalala kukachita zionetsero zazikulu ndi misonkhano yomenyera ufulu wawo ndi zofuna zawo. Kuyambira pamenepo, nthawi zonse pa tsikuli, anthu ogwira ntchito m’mayiko onse padziko lapansi adzasonkhana ndi kuchita zionetsero kuti asangalale.
May Day Labor Movement ku Russia ndi Soviet Union
Engels atamwalira mu Ogasiti 1895, otengera mwayi mu Second International adayamba kulamulira, ndipo magulu a ogwira ntchito omwe anali a Second International pang'onopang'ono adasintha kukhala zipani za bourgeois reformist. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, atsogoleri a zipanizi adaperekanso poyera chifukwa cha mayiko a proletarian ndi sosholizimu ndipo adakhala anthu okonda zachitukuko m'malo mwa nkhondo ya imperialist. Pansi pa mawu akuti “chitetezo cha dziko la makolo,” iwo mopanda manyazi asonkhezera antchito a m’maiko onse kuphana mwaukali kaamba ka phindu la mabwanamkubwa awo. Choncho bungwe la Second International linagawanika ndipo Tsiku la May, chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse la proletarian, linathetsedwa. Pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo, chifukwa cha kukwera kwa gulu lachisinthiko la proletarian m'maiko a imperialist, opandukawa, kuti athandize ma bourgeoisie kupondereza gulu lachisinthiko la proletarian, adatenganso mbendera ya Second International kuti anyenge maiko. anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito, ndipo agwiritsa ntchito misonkhano ndi zionetsero za May Day kufalitsa chikoka chofuna kusintha zinthu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pafunso la momwe tingakumbukire "May Day", pakhala kulimbana kwakukulu pakati pa Marxists osintha ndi osintha zinthu m'njira ziwiri.
Motsogozedwa ndi Lenin, akatswiri a ku Russia adagwirizanitsa chikumbutso cha "May Day" ndi ntchito zosinthira nthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndikukumbukira chikondwerero chapachaka cha "May Day" ndi zochita zosintha, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Meyi 1 akhaledi chikondwerero chakusintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Chikumbutso choyamba cha May Day chochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la Russia chinali mu 1891. Pa May Day 1900, misonkhano ya ogwira ntchito ndi zionetsero zinachitikira ku Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv, Tifris (tsopano Tbilisi), Kiev, Rostov ndi mizinda ina yambiri ikuluikulu. Potsatira malangizo a Lenin, mu 1901 ndi 1902, zionetsero za ogwira ntchito ku Russia zokumbukira May Day zinakula kwambiri, zomwe zinasintha kuchoka ku maguba kukhala mikangano yoopsa kwambiri pakati pa antchito ndi asilikali.
Mu July 1903, dziko la Russia linakhazikitsa gulu loyamba lomenyera nkhondo la Marxist la International Proletariat. Pa Congress iyi, chigamulo choyambirira cha Meyi chidalembedwa ndi Lenin. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, chikumbutso cha May Day ndi akuluakulu a ku Russia, ndi utsogoleri wa Party, alowa mu gawo losintha kwambiri. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zikondwerero za May Day zakhala zikuchitika chaka chilichonse ku Russia, ndipo gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito likupitirirabe kukwera, kuphatikizapo makumi a zikwi za ogwira ntchito, ndipo mikangano pakati pa unyinji ndi asilikali yachitika.
Chifukwa cha chipambano cha Revolution ya October, gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Soviet Union linayamba kukumbukira Tsiku la Mayiko Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse m'dera lawo lomwe kuyambira 1918. Ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi adayambitsanso njira yosinthira kulimbana kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyo. ulamuliro wankhanza wa olamulira, ndipo chikondwerero cha “May Day” chinayamba kukhala chosinthadi ndi kumenyana.m'mayiko awa.
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Nthawi yotumiza: May-01-2024