Mbiri yakale
M'zaka za m'ma 1800, pamene capitalism inakula mofulumira, anthu okonda ndalama nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito antchito mwankhanza powonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito kuti apeze phindu lochulukirapo. Antchito ankagwira ntchito maola opitilira 12 patsiku ndipo mikhalidwe ya ntchito inali yoipa kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha tsiku logwira ntchito la maola asanu ndi atatu
Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1800, makamaka kudzera mu gulu la Chartist, kukula kwa nkhondo ya gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Britain kwakhala kukukula. Mu June 1847, Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Britain idapereka lamulo la maola khumi la ntchito. Mu 1856, migodi ya golide ku Melbourne, British Australia, idagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wosowa kwa antchito ndipo idamenyera tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu. Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1870, ogwira ntchito aku Britain m'mafakitale ena adapambana tsiku la maola asanu ndi anayi. Mu September 1866, First International idachita msonkhano wake woyamba ku Geneva, komwe, pa lingaliro la Marx, "kuletsa mwalamulo dongosolo la ntchito ndiye sitepe yoyamba yopita ku chitukuko cha nzeru, mphamvu zakuthupi ndi kumasulidwa komaliza kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito," idapereka chigamulo "cholimbikira maola asanu ndi atatu a tsiku logwira ntchito." Kuyambira pamenepo, ogwira ntchito m'maiko onse akhala akumenyana ndi olemera kwambiri tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu.
Mu 1866, Msonkhano wa Geneva wa First International unapereka lingaliro la mawu oti tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu likhale tsiku logwira ntchito. Pankhondo ya antchito apadziko lonse lapansi ya tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu, gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America linatsogolera. Kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiweniweni ya ku America m'zaka za m'ma 1860, ogwira ntchito ku America anaika momveka bwino mawu oti "kumenyera tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu". Mawuwo anafalikira mofulumira ndipo anakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.
Motsogozedwa ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America, mu 1867, mayiko asanu ndi limodzi adakhazikitsa malamulo olamula kuti tsiku logwira ntchito likhale la maola asanu ndi atatu. Mu June 1868, United States Congress idakhazikitsa lamulo loyamba la federal pa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu m'mbiri ya America, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu likhale loyenera kwa ogwira ntchito m'boma. Mu 1876, Khoti Lalikulu linachotsa lamulo la federal pa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu.
Mu 1877, panali chiwembu choyamba cha dziko lonse m'mbiri ya America. Anthu ogwira ntchito anayenda m'misewu kukachita ziwonetsero ku boma kuti akonze bwino ntchito ndi moyo wawo komanso kufuna kuti maola ogwirira ntchito achepe komanso kuti tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu likhazikitsidwe. Chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwakukulu ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito, Nyumba Yamalamulo ya US inakakamizika kukhazikitsa lamulo loti tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu lizigwira ntchito, koma pamapeto pake lamuloli linakhala lopanda ntchito.
Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1880, kulimbana kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu kunakhala nkhani yaikulu mu gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America. Mu 1882, ogwira ntchito ku America adaganiza kuti Lolemba loyamba mu Seputembala lisankhidwe ngati tsiku la ziwonetsero za mumsewu, ndipo adalimbana mosatopa kuti achite izi. Mu 1884, msonkhano wa AFL unaganiza kuti Lolemba loyamba mu Seputembala likhale Tsiku la Dziko Lonse la ogwira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti chisankhochi sichinali chogwirizana mwachindunji ndi kulimbana kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu, chinapereka mphamvu ku kulimbana kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu. Nyumba yamalamulo inayenera kuyika lamulo lopanga Lolemba loyamba mu Seputembala kukhala Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito. Mu Disembala 1884, pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha kulimbana kwa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu, AFL idapanganso chisankho chakale: "Mabungwe Ogwirizana Antchito ndi Mabungwe a Ogwira Ntchito ku United States ndi Canada atsimikiza kuti, kuyambira pa Meyi 1, 1886, tsiku la Labour lovomerezeka lidzakhala maola asanu ndi atatu, ndipo amalimbikitsa mabungwe onse a Labour ku District kuti asinthe machitidwe awo kuti agwirizane ndi chigamulochi pa tsiku lomwe latchulidwa."
Kupitilira kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito
Mu Okutobala 1884, magulu asanu ndi atatu a ogwira ntchito ochokera kumayiko ena ndi ochokera kumayiko ena ku United States ndi Canada adachita msonkhano ku Chicago, United States, kuti amenyere nkhondo kuti "tsiku la ntchito la maola asanu ndi atatu" likwaniritsidwe, ndipo adaganiza zoyambitsa nkhondo yayikulu, ndipo adaganiza zochita sitereki yayikulu pa Meyi 1, 1886, zomwe zidakakamiza anthu ogwira ntchito ku America kuti agwiritse ntchito tsiku la ntchito la maola asanu ndi atatu. Anthu ogwira ntchito ku America mdziko lonselo adathandizira ndikuyankha mwachangu, ndipo antchito zikwizikwi m'mizinda yambiri adalowa nawo nkhondoyi.
Chisankho cha AFL chinalandiridwa mokondwera ndi antchito ku United States konse. Kuyambira mu 1886, gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America lakhala likuchita ziwonetsero, zipolowe, ndi zipolowe zokakamiza olemba ntchito kuti avomereze tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu ogwira ntchito pofika pa 1 Meyi. Kulimbanaku kunafika pachimake mu Meyi. Pa 1 Meyi, 1886, ogwira ntchito 350,000 ku Chicago ndi mizinda ina ku United States adachita zipolowe ndi ziwonetsero, zomwe zimafuna kuti tsiku la maola 8 ogwira ntchito likhazikitsidwe komanso kuti zinthu zisinthe. Chidziwitso cha United Workers chokhudza sitalaka chinali chakuti, “Dzukani, antchito aku America! Pa 1 Meyi, 1886, tayani zida zanu, tayani ntchito zanu, tsekani mafakitale ndi migodi yanu kwa tsiku limodzi pachaka. Ili ndi tsiku lachipanduko, osati zosangalatsa! Ili si tsiku limene dongosolo logwiritsa ntchito ukapolo wa Labour padziko lonse lapansi limaperekedwa ndi wolankhulira wodzitamandira. Ili ndi tsiku limene antchito amapanga malamulo awoawo ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zowagwiritsa ntchito! … Ili ndi tsiku limene ndimayamba kusangalala ndi maola asanu ndi atatu ogwira ntchito, maola asanu ndi atatu opuma, ndi maola asanu ndi atatu olamulidwa ndi ine ndekha.
Ogwira ntchito adachita sitalaka, zomwe zinalepheretsa mafakitale akuluakulu ku United States. Sitima zinasiya kugwira ntchito, masitolo anatsekedwa, ndipo malo onse osungiramo katundu anatsekedwa.
Koma akuluakulu a boma la US adaletsa ntchito ya sitirakayi, antchito ambiri adaphedwa ndikumangidwa, ndipo dziko lonse linagwedezeka. Ndi chithandizo chachikulu cha malingaliro a anthu opita patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi komanso kulimbana kosalekeza kwa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, boma la US pomaliza pake linalengeza kukhazikitsa tsiku logwira ntchito la maola asanu ndi atatu pamwezi umodzi pambuyo pake, ndipo gulu la ogwira ntchito aku America linapambana koyamba.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Tsiku la Ntchito Padziko Lonse la pa 1 Meyi
Mu Julayi 1889, bungwe lachiwiri la International International, lotsogozedwa ndi Engels, linachita msonkhano ku Paris. Pofuna kukumbukira "May Day" ya ogwira ntchito aku America, limasonyeza kuti "Ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, gwirizanani!" Mphamvu yayikulu yolimbikitsira kulimbana kwa ogwira ntchito m'maiko onse pa tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu ogwira ntchito, msonkhanowo unapereka chigamulo, pa Meyi 1, 1890, ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi adachita chionetsero, ndipo adaganiza zokhazikitsa Meyi 1 ngati tsiku la International Labor Day, lomwe tsopano ndi "May 1 International Labor Day."
Pa 1 Meyi, 1890, anthu ogwira ntchito ku Europe ndi ku United States adatsogolera popita m'misewu kukachita ziwonetsero zazikulu ndi misonkhano yomenyera ufulu wawo ndi zofuna zawo. Kuyambira pamenepo, nthawi iliyonse patsikuli, anthu ogwira ntchito ochokera m'maiko onse padziko lapansi adzasonkhana ndikuchita zionetsero kuti akondwere.
Gulu la Ogwira Ntchito la May Day ku Russia ndi Soviet Union
Pambuyo pa imfa ya Engels mu Ogasiti 1895, anthu ofuna mwayi omwe anali mu Second International anayamba kulamulira, ndipo magulu a antchito omwe anali mu Second International anayamba kusintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala magulu osintha zinthu a bourgeois. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, atsogoleri a maguluwa adapereka mowonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha dziko la proletarian internationalism ndi socialism ndipo adakhala okonda chikhalidwe cha anthu polimbikitsa nkhondo ya ufumu. Pansi pa mawu akuti "kuteteza dziko la makolo," mopanda manyazi amalimbikitsa antchito a mayiko onse kuti achite kuphana mwankhanza kuti apindule ndi ma bourgeoisie awo. Motero bungwe la Second International linatha ndipo May Day, chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wa mayiko a proletarian, linathetsedwa. Pambuyo pa nkhondo, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka kusintha kwa proletarian m'maiko a ufumu, opandukira awa, kuti athandize ma bourgeoisie kupondereza kayendetsedwe ka kusintha kwa proletarian, atenganso mbendera ya Second International kuti anyenge anthu ogwira ntchito, ndipo agwiritsa ntchito misonkhano ndi ziwonetsero za May Day kufalitsa mphamvu za kusintha. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pankhani yokhudza momwe tingakumbukirire "Tsiku la Meyi", pakhala mkangano waukulu pakati pa osintha zinthu a Marx ndi osintha zinthu m'njira ziwiri.
Motsogozedwa ndi Lenin, gulu la antchito aku Russia linayamba kugwirizanitsa chikumbutso cha "May Day" ndi ntchito zosinthira za nthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndipo linakumbukira chikondwerero cha pachaka cha "May Day" ndi zochita zosinthira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Meyi 1 ikhale chikondwerero chenicheni cha kusintha kwa ntchito zapadziko lonse. Chikumbutso choyamba cha Tsiku la Meyi ndi gulu la antchito aku Russia chinali mu 1891. Pa Tsiku la Meyi 1900, misonkhano ndi ziwonetsero za ogwira ntchito zinachitika ku Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv, Tifris (tsopano Tbilisi), Kiev, Rostov ndi mizinda ina ikuluikulu yambiri. Potsatira malangizo a Lenin, mu 1901 ndi 1902, ziwonetsero za ogwira ntchito aku Russia zokumbukira Tsiku la Meyi zinakula kwambiri, kuchoka pa maulendo kukhala mikangano yamagazi pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi asilikali.
Mu Julayi 1903, Russia idakhazikitsa chipani choyamba cha Marxist chotsutsa boma cha proletariat yapadziko lonse. Pa Congress iyi, Lenin adalemba chikalata chokonzekera tsiku loyamba la Meyi. Kuyambira pamenepo, chikumbutso cha Tsiku la Meyi ndi proletariat waku Russia, motsogozedwa ndi chipani, chalowa mu gawo losintha kwambiri. Kuyambira pamenepo, zikondwerero za Tsiku la Meyi zakhala zikuchitika chaka chilichonse ku Russia, ndipo gulu la ogwira ntchito lapitirira kukwera, kuphatikizapo antchito zikwizikwi, ndipo mikangano pakati pa anthu ambiri ndi asilikali yachitika.
Chifukwa cha kupambana kwa October Revolution, gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Soviet linayamba kukumbukira Tsiku la Ntchito Padziko Lonse la May Day m'dera lawo kuyambira mu 1918. Antchito padziko lonse lapansi nawonso anayamba ulendo wotsutsa boma kuti akwaniritse ulamuliro wankhanza wa antchito, ndipo chikondwerero cha "May Day" chinayamba kukhala chotsutsa boma komanso chomenyera nkhondo.kufalikira kwa matendawa m'maiko awa.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-01-2024